Opinion Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Works Cited > News Share Hyundo Jung 2023/03/11 3 Despite being one of the oldest scientific series, The Dune is one of the most complicated novel series that I have ever read. The character and story are complex, but the message is so ambiguous and mysterious at the same time. After reading the novel, I asked why Frank Herbert wrote this novel series and what message he intended. The idea of time (past, present, future), life, and religion in the Dune series were intertwined. As I wanted many readers to read the book itself and to read a summary of the book, I planned to write my book review based on the question and my interpretation of the Dune series. The question that I asked myself was “What did Frank Herbert want me to learn?” The first concept that I analyzed after reading the Dune series was time and reality. The Dune series takes place in the distant future. At the planet Dune, the spices allow people to see an illusion that is interpreted as one of many possible futures. Paul Atreides and Leto Atreides II are surrounded by constant illusions in life. When someone asks how understanding and being knowledgeable about the future can be miserable, Paul tells them that his life no longer has a purpose, understanding his inevitable end and progress. Although this may not be the main message that Frank Herbert intended, this idea was really awakening for me. For a high school student, it is always typical to become anxious about the future when one would strongly desire to know my future. However, Frank Herbert implies that knowing the future will make every moment of the present and past meaningless as one knows their future is immutable. Therefore, Frank Herbert’s novel series taught me to focus on the present; he wishes the reader to understand how moments that we live by are unique and special. Dune is a future society of humanity. However, ironically, everything seems so antique and corresponds with the past civilization of humanity. The people are obsessed with Muad'dib and religion. The fact that spices found in Dune (although used for space traveling) somewhat resemble the spice that has been a center of commerce in the Middle age. By portraying the irony in the future, Frank Herbert tries to inform the readers how humanity can’t progress further simply by developing technologies; he argues that humanity will only deteriorate and cycle back to the past with current ideals. This is the reason why the Dune series is so complicated and powerful. It is not a simple SF or fantasy novel that readers can read for pleasure. It questions the past, present, and future of humanity. Frank Herbert does not end his novel with an appealing or cliché ending. The unresolved, questioning ending of the novel causes the reader to look back and front of humanity, to find the solution that can lead to a better future for humanity. Here I would be making a controversial comment. Personally, the Dune series was more enjoyable than the Harry Potter series. Just for sure, I have no intention to criticize or dishonor the achievements of the Harry Potter series. However, I believe the Dune Series would be more acknowledged by people and students because it is not a simple science fiction but a novel that questions the indeterminate history of humanity. The Dune series is being filmed and the second sequel is being released on November 3, 2023. If you are not still persuaded by my review, watch Part 1 of Dune in the movie which was released in 2021. After the film, you would be shouting “Atreides!” and find yourself buying the entire novel series as I did. 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Economics Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Economics What are North Korea’s Political and Economic Goals for 2024, and How Will This Affect Its Current Relationships with South Korea and Russia? Economics 01/21/2024 Share Celine Park North Korea’s ongoing economic strain due to UN sanctions has been exacerbated by the country’s weak economy following the Covid outbreak. It is anticipated that North Korea will continue to face severe food shortages, famine, and other economic hardships in 2024. Resolving these humanitarian issues has become one of the country’s prior goals for the year. Politically, the country is expected to display increased hostility in its interactions with other countries throughout the year, heightening international relationships. Kim has constantly turned down meeting requests from Biden while significantly increasing the number of tests conducted since 2021 – surpassing the figures recorded under the previous US administration. Experts predict that North Korea would likely escalate provocations towards Washington, especially as the US prepares for its presidential elections scheduled in November. It is predicted that this means maintaining or intensifying its military pressure campaign on both South Korea and America. Kim’s recent statement that the South is their “primary foe” and that unification with them is impossible underscores this deteriorating relationship and implies that the implementation of hardline policies would persist until the end of the election. To determine the long-term relationships between North Korea, South Korea, and the U.S., the election outcome would be a pivotal factor to consider. A Trump victory could potentially result in a decrease in provocations towards Washington. However, it may intensify the South Korean discussions of obtaining nuclear weapons to confront the North. On the other hand, North Korea’s relations with Russia is seeing an optimistic turn. In exchange for North Korea’s military assistance to support Russia’s position in the Ukraine War, it is anticipated that Russia would provide North Korea with cheap or free oil, gas, and grain, contributing to improving the country’s falling economy and resolving the aforementioned humanitarian issues. In summary, North Korea’s economic and political goals for 2024 are poised to significantly affect the country’s relationships with South Korea and Russia. Works Cited > News News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Science Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In 2025 Baekdu Mountain Eruption: Signs, Consequences, and Coping Strategies Science 4 The tallest mountain on the Korean peninsula is about to erupt in two years, in 2025. The center of the incident is the 2,744m-tall Baekdu Mountain, located on the border between North Korea and China. Its majesty led ancient people to create mythological stories as to what Baekdu was for them. According to the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, various types and tendencies of Baekdu myths indicate that people revered and worshiped the mountain as an origin of prosperity, the dwelling of the patron god, and the subject of authority judging good and evil. The Korean peninsula is geographically surrounded by major East-Asian countries like Russia, China, and Japan, therefore, the eruption of Mt. Baekdu is anticipated to bring a devastating impact on the East-Asian regions. Mt. Baekdu had been recorded to erupt In 946 CE, which was a tremendous incident that brought a continent-level disaster to East Asia. According to the chief of the Citizens’ Institute of Environmental Studies, it is concluded that Mt. Baekdu’s eruption in 946 had the largest ever magnitude in history, analyzing the amount of sulfur in rocks near the crater, Cheonji. Furthermore, according to Yoon-soo Lee, a professor of POSTECH, over 4 times of energy that was released by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was released from Cheonji during the eruption in 946; according to Seonghyo Yoon, a professor of Busan University, volcanic ashes had spread so far at that time that they were even found in the glaciers of Greenland. These tell that the impact of mountain Baekdu in 946 was enormous, and warn that people today must be aware of the influences the eruption in 2025 would bring and be acquainted with appropriate coping strategies. People base the possibility of the eruption on the 100-year cycle theory. Mt. Baekdu, since its eruption in 946, has erupted at least once every century for a millennium. The most recent eruption was in 1925, which makes the eruption in 2025 probable. On the other hand, various signs of the eruption have been discovered since the early 2000s. According to Hyuk Kim, the head of the earthquake department in North Korea, a total of 10 earthquakes had been recorded around Mt. Baekdu between 2016 and 2018, which increases the underground sensitivity. Suspicious circumstances around the mountain, such as 3,000 earthquakes at Mt. Baekdu between 2002 and 2005, the swelling of the Cheonji area by dozens of cm, and the release of volcanic gas that dried trees out around, also buttressed the idea. The rise of the mountain’s surface temperature by a few degrees since before October 2006, observed by a Russian satellite, and the rise of the temperature of the hot springs around Cheonji from 69°C in the 1990s to 83°C currently, suggest that there is magma present underneath the mountain. Furthermore, in 2016, North Korea, through an international journal paper, actually proved the presence of magma underground around Mt. Baekdu. There are forecasted to be disastrous possible consequences after the eruption in 2025. Primarily, 2000t of water stored in the Mt. Baekdu caldera would flood out along with the liquefied carbon dioxide underneath, which could suffocate the lives around. The dispersal of volcanic ashes would also be a huge problem. According to the National Disaster Management Institute of Korea, after the eruption, following the northwest wind, volcanic ashes would pass through the Ulleungdo area after 9 hours and pass through the Japanese archipelago after 24 hours. Climate change, environmental pollution, power failure, suspension of transportation, industrial damage, and facility damage stem from volcanic ash, would be a consequence of the eruption. According to Arief R. Achmad from the Division of Science Education of Kangwon National University, if the eruption is large, as at Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 5 and 7, lahar would inundate residential areas like Hyesan in North Korea and Ji’an in China. Also, such a large volcanic eruption is anticipated to deform the topography by 100 m at maximum. In terms of social damages, the relationship between North and South Korea, and between North Korea and China could be impacted by the eruption. The possibility of refugee generation and economic recession due to industrial damages cannot be excluded. However, appropriate coping strategies would minimize the damages attributable to the eruption of Mt. Baekdu. There is already a straightforward manual for protecting yourself during a volcanic eruption suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If the lava is coming toward you, leave the area immediately no matter what. If you are indoors, block external air inflow, and bring pets and livestock into closed shelters. If you are outdoors, seek shelter indoors, roll into a ball to protect your head during rockfall, beware of rising water and mudflows, and avoid contact with gasses and fumes. For protecting yourself from ashfall, stay inside, wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, wear goggles to protect your eyes and air purifying respirator to protect your lungs, and avoid driving. Away from general guidance for volcanic eruption, response tasks are suggested for different damage scenarios of Mt. Baekdu’s blast by Jae Eun Park and Hye Won Kim. People will also be notified with response guidelines through broadcasting, followed by activation of shelter and emergency transportation, operation of power supply facilities, and enforcement of disaster recovery support plans. In terms of multi-hazard around China and North Korea, suppression of radiation leakage, prevention of additional explosions, radiation victim treatment, emergency food supply plan, victim compensation, and temporary residence plan are essential. When it comes to the impacts on East Asia, observational monitoring of damage scale, the dispatch of disaster relief medical teams, international support from the UN, and the device of economic burden mitigation measures can be possible ideal responses. Lastly, in response to the global impact of the explosion, identification of ash-influenced areas, aircraft flying route changes, satellite-based ash monitoring, international aid request, economic measures, damage scale assessment, and aggravation prevention are mandatory not only to reduce the damage, but also to seek quick recovery in terms of politics, economy, and business. It has been realized that the eruption of Mt. Baekdu is in the near future. Finding the precursor symptoms, the risks it could bring, and the appropriate countermeasures would prevent you from the maximum damage you can imagine. People must familiarize various related guidance, and protect themselves and the precious people around from the calamitous disaster. 2023/03/11 Share Seun Kim Works Cited > News Science Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? 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Economics Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Economics Venezuela’s (Failed) Currency Reform Economics 01/25/2024 Share Seunghee (Donna) Kim On January 15, the Venezuelan government officially shut down Petro, a cryptocurrency launched six years ago by President Nicolas Maduro. Amidst public skepticism surrounding its validity, Petro’s coup de grâce was a corruption scandal regarding Venezuelan oil operations with crypto assets just last year. Initial hopes for the cryptocurrency were high, at least for the government: Through Petro, President Maduro hoped to circumvent hyperinflation associated with fiat money–physical currencies–and US sanctions. Indeed, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are typically designed to be decentralized, transparent, and limited in supply. This prevents any central authority from manipulating transactions or overprinting money, the latter of which was the root cause of Venezuela’s longstanding hyperinflation crisis. Through its digital nature, Petro could also avoid Trump’s sanctions on traditional Venezuelan bonds in US markets, helping the country access international financing. However, most of Petro’s intended benefits were rendered null as it lacked the merits of typical cryptocurrencies. For one thing, Petro was never decentralized–the exchange rate between Petro and Bolívar, the now-broken Venezuelan national currency, was subject to an arbitrary price discount determined by the government, which has a track record for currency manipulation and economic failure. Unlike cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin which operate on market demand, Petro was heavily reliant on government infrastructure. Such caveats manifested in a recent scandal involving fund mismanagements from oil operations with crypto assets. Coupled with the general unpopularity of Petro with the Venezuelan public from its complicated and cumbersome nature, the unsuccessful financial endeavor came to an end just two weeks ago. The introduction of Petro was just a bandaid over the country’s widespread economic failures. Despite the partial suspension of US sanctions on Venezuela last November, the country still struggles with a crumbling economy. Critics often attribute this to high corruption within the country’s government, arguing that state funds and resources are diverted for personal gain rather than public use. The real question, therefore, seems to lie within the Venezuelan government and how far it is willing to go for its economy and its people. Works Cited > News News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Works Cited > News Share JiAn Lee, Jiwoo Kim, Minji Kim, Soojean Paik 11/03/2024 0 The Nobel Committee’s selection process has been called into question by the fact that South Korean author Han Kang and AI researcher Geoffrey Hinton were both awarded the 2024 Nobel Prizes in Literature and Physics, respectively. Han’s depiction of the 5.18 has been disputed by critics. The Gwangju Uprising distorts a critical chapter in Korean history and some question whether Hinton’s groundbreaking work on artificial intelligence truly represents the limits of physics. Is there a valid reason for the concerns raised about the Nobel Prize decisions, and what political factors influence their acceptance? Additionally, how do these prizes affect Nobel Prizes in terms of their impact on literature and science? Han Kang's books, which were awarded Nobel prizes, explore themes of trauma and resistance, focusing on Korea's 5.18 revolution. Gwangju Uprising. A violently suppressed pro-democracy movement in the 1980s is a pivotal and sensitive event in Korean history. This event was significant. Although her pieces are highly regarded internationally for their emotional depth and political significance, South Korean critics argue that her plot distorts the historical record and serves as an instrument for politicizing Korea's past. The Nobel Prize's value was considered a fall from grace by one critic, who also believed it legitimized historical distortions. This reaction highlights the crucial role of literary awards, such as the Nobel Prize, in promoting particular cultural narratives on a global level. ". Such awards can elicit debates about historical fidelity and national identity interpretations, as they highlight areas of history that may not be explicitly acknowledged for their recognition. Former Google Researcher Geoffrey Hinton won the Nobel prize for physics. He is a British-Canadian computer scientist known as the godfather of artificial intelligence (AI). He and his colleagues developed artificial neural networks, a core machine learning technology, by borrowing methods from physics. While some critics agree that the work was groundbreaking, they argue that his win was questionable mainly because his work was a combined field of physics and computer science, apart from the traditional forms of science. Noah Giansiracusa, an associate math professor at Bentley University argued, “What he did was phenomenal, but was it physics? I don't think so. Even if there's inspiration from physics, they're not developing a new theory in physics or solving a longstanding problem in physics.” Hinton’s work stood on the shoulders of Werbos and Amari’s earlier research. Werbos and Amari’s contributions to the AI development of neural networks sparked innovations such as AlphaGo and OpenAi’s GPT. AI research experts emphasize that technological advancements are “nearly always a collaborative, multi-layered process”. The controversy over Hinton’s win reevaluates how the Nobel committee recognizes innovation. The Nobel committee’s selection underscores that the most significant AI advancements would most likely come from ‘those who can refine and adapt existing ideas to [confront] new challenges,’ not from those who invent entirely new concepts. The Nobel Prize and its significance can relate to individual ability as it rewards only one winner per party for the year. However, the influence of the Prize itself exceeds the appreciation for just an individual and ensures the global relationship between the nations or the recognition of the cultural exchange. Consequently, the Nobel Prize winners can influence the primary image of the content they are delivering, creating the possibility of distortion and controversy in culture and history. The effect of the Nobel Prize is unlimited, also continuing to grow within the political aspect of the award, creating a new place for political discussion based on how the nominee solves the issue. Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice. 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Business Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Business Importance of Target Market in Business Management Business 01/21/2024 Share Yeounseo Kim Business owners often overlook the importance of setting up a specific target market for their products and services, thinking that wider the target market, more the sales and success. However, having an unlimited target market is actually less helpful for businesses. In this article, we will explore why it is important for businesses to have a strong target market basis. First, setting a strong target market allows business owners to prepare effective marketing strategies. Let’s take a tea cup for an example. If the target market for this tea cup business is set to “women of age 20 to 40”, it is considered to be a very broad target market. Such a big age group makes it difficult for the owners to promote the positives of their product. For example, women of age 20 may value the design of the cup, while women of age 40 may value the strength and durability of the cup. Having to consider multiple aspects to promote will make the advertisement way too complex and lack uniqueness. However, if the target market is set specifically, it will reduce the chances of marketing failure and improve the product’s image. Second, identifying a defined, narrow target market enables the owners to set appropriate prices for their products and/or services to be provided to the customers. For example, setting up prices for handmade items is often challenging, because on the one hand, it takes a lot of time and effort to create one item, but on the other hand, people who do not consider such effort will be dissatisfied by the pricing, calling them “too expensive”. However, if the target market is strictly defined to “people who have crafting hobbies”, the potential customers would not be intimidated by the price, because they have knowledge and experience of how challenging it is to create one item by human hand. Lastly, a constrained target market allows improvement of brand image. Because the customer group is strictly set to a specific group of people, businesses would strive to satisfy those people who count as their existing or potential customers. This will allow businesses to specialize and grow as a unique business, shaping the brand image as a business who is loyal, considerate, and hard-working for their customers. This will not only support the growth of the business, but also open up chances for product development. To conclude, setting up a specific target market will help business owners to become successful and provide improved products and services to all customers, and hence, it should not be ignored for business owners who seek to become an impactful business in the market. Works Cited > News News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Economics Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In The Effect of the Qatar World Cup on Qatar’s Economics Economics 0 The World Cup and the Olympics would be the biggest sports events in the world. They are big festivals for countries all over the world that are participating since they aim to bring people of all nations together to celebrate a great feast of athletic achievement. These sports events are usually held every four years, and participant nations compete with each other to win the opportunity to host the events since these big events bring profits for the country itself as well. The World Cup is a national competition to determine the world's best national soccer team, held every four years since 1930 under the auspices of FIFA. The 2022 FIFA World Cup which started on the 21st of November, is now being held in Qatar. This is very meaningful for the countries in Asia, as it is for the second time the World Cup being held in Asia, following the 2002 Korea-Japan World Cup. Additionally, attention from all over the world is focused on the fact that it was held during winter for the first time in history since the first World Cup was held. The economic effect of the Qatar World Cup is expected to reach 19 billion dollars in total. In contrast to the estimated income, Qatar spent a large cost for hosting estimated to be approximately 200 billion dollars, a massive amount of money than any other World Cups that were held before. At first glance, it may seem to be losing money just by looking at the numbers. However, money isn’t the only thing to consider when talking about the economic effects of the Qatar World Cup. In order to understand the statement, it is important to know about Qatar itself. Qatar is a small country next to Saudi Arabia, and its area is approximately 11,571km2, even smaller than New York. The total population is estimated to be 2.83 million, but as most of its territory is desert, the majority of the total population is dense in one habitable region. It is said to be the most lopsided-populated country in history. Qatar's main industries are oil and gas, and energy exports account for 86% of total exports. Because the energy industry is volatile and unsustainable, a country with a high proportion of energy exports must develop other industries and infrastructure in order to achieve long-term growth. Qatar's infrastructure cannot handle a large number of people as people from all countries flocked to this international event: FIFA World Cup. In order to accommodate a massive number of travelers, Qatar had to expand transportation and internet-related infrastructure and build an airport and hotels. In this way, an opportunity to improve the country's own infrastructure while hosting the World Cup at the same time opened in Qatar. In fact, Qatar only spent between $6.5 billion and $10 billion for stadium construction, while the majority of the cost was spent on infrastructure construction such as hotels, metros, and airports, according to the "Qatar 2030 Plan". In the process of constructing these infrastructures, Qatar’s construction economy has improved and it has grown into the second-largest industry after its energy industry. Even after the World Cup, the distribution business can benefit from established infrastructure such as airports, ports, railroads, and roads. In addition, geopolitically, Qatar is located in the Middle East, connecting Europe and Asia. And being a peninsular country, it is good to have a port or airport near the coast, as intermediary trade is possible with a high possibility of becoming a transit point. Qatar Airport is famous for being beautiful like a future city, and because it is an oil-producing country, it is supplied with fuel at a low price and has good price competitiveness. This way, it can be seen that the economic effect of the World Cup can create a foundation for future industries and sustainable growth, rather than immediate profits. Of course, there are negative comments as well as positive ones. Many critics have argued that Qatar cannot recover the massive costs due to tangible and intangible economic effects such as high maintenance costs and the increase of useless facilities. For instance, Brasilia's Mane Garrincha Stadium, which was evaluated as “the most expensive World Cup stadium” because of its massive cost of 50 million dollars, was used as a bus parking lot as it could not find any other usage. Moreover, Cuiaba Pantanal Stadium, which cost more than 200 million dollars, has not been occupied for a while, and the homeless flocked to the locker room and shocked everyone. In such ways, spending too much budget on the World Cup can just be a white elephant, and the consequence of Qatar’s big investment in it is unpredictable. It’s undeniable that Qatar’s massive budget for the 2022 World Cup may bring about good economic effects. On the other hand, it is also important to be prepared for the side effects after the World Cup so that the investments won’t turn out to be a white elephant or follow the path of the 2014 World Cup held in Brazil. 2023/11/27 Share Dayeon Song Works Cited > News Economics Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. 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Monthly Edition: January Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Monthly Edition: January Recent Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea Threaten Global Markets Monthly Edition: January 01/21/2024 Share Jae Hyun Kim (Jayden) Recently, the U.S army launched a retaliatory attack on Houthi militants to diminish their aggression within Red Sea waterways–and the roots of this problem extend to the Israel-Palestine conflict. With tension rising among the Middle-East countries, Houthi militants—provisionally in control of Yemen—had targeted their attacks to maritime trade along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Despite their claims that they were assailing Israel to demonstrate support for Israel,, the attacked vessels turned out to have no link with supplying Israel. In response, Washington launched airstikes on Yemen, thereby declaring that they would not hesitate to attack the Houthies if they insisted on exhibiting aggression. The Red Sea functions as the world’s most significant waterway; It is a main passage that ties the Arabian countries with the Mediterranean countries. Recent attacks have forced a majority of shipping companies to take a detour to avoid the aggressions of Houthis. The rerouted vessels now started to travel around the Southern tip of Africa, extending the trip by 30%. As the long journey requires more fuel, the oil demand has also surged by 3%, with further increase predicted. This incidence of strong demand signifies a further inflation of oil prices. In the face of such prolonged aggression, analysts predict that the increase in energy prices cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, the Red Sea is a threshold to the Suez Canal for multitudes of ships that port crude oil. In this sense, the interference of global trade in the Red Sea area will directly hit the Suez Canal, contributing up to the inflation of oil price. Oil is not the only commodity hit by the Houthi attacks; East Asian exports are also experiencing a heavy price increase. It is becoming clear that the insistence of crises within significant trade zones affect supply and demand dynamics to cause a ‘domino effect’ that can disrupt trade patterns and threaten the global market. Works Cited > News News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Politics Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Works Cited > News Share Seunghee Kim 2022/11/27 0 Unification is required, not optional. Many people say that the Korean economy collapses when reunification takes place. Of course, it will be difficult for North Koreans to adapt to the liberal democracy in South Korea. Unemployment can also soar. Russia wants to connect the railways, and China wants to build spheres and railways. Furthermore, people in North and South Korea share the same ancestors. Many families are in a situation where they can’t meet their family, and this situation needs to be restored. Also, Korea's defense spending budget is 40.3337 trillion won (as of 2017), but if it is used for the welfare of the country after reunification, the level of welfare in Korea will be even better. These are the minor reasons why Korea's unification needs to take action. This being the case, there are generally reasons why Korea needs unification, such as"peace guarantees" and "economic reasons." First of all, for the first reason, the unification of the two Koreas should take place naturally. South and North Korea are still at war, and we cannot continue this war. In addition, peace can be guaranteed not only to the South Koreans but also to the North Koreans through the unification of the two Koreas. More specifically, it can relieve tensions caused by military risks and make peaceful use of the DMZ. The number of separated families increased rapidly as the two Koreas were divided, which is a big problem. Also, if Korea is reunified, men don't have to force themselves to join the army. The second reason for unification is economic. First of all, if South and North Korea can eliminate the cost of division. In addition, we can create new values by combining the knowledge and technology of the two Koreas and If reunification is achieved, North Korea will develop many resources, have significant economic benefits, and become an economic powerhouse. It can then expand the domestic market and grow the economy as a whole by increasing the number of people, and it is currently consuming a lot of resources due to the division. If it is unified, it can avoid resource waste and secure new markets, resulting in greater economic growth, as military costs are high due to hostile relations. Based on North Korea's abundant natural products and South Korea's outstanding technology, it is possible to export many good products. As an example of Germany, in the beginning, East Germany's economic power declined because it was reunified, but it has now become the best-living country in Europe. The U.S. military is selling us a lot of military weapons due to the lack of reunification, but the money used for weapons can also be earned. By those kinds of reasons and evidence, it is beneficial for both North and South Korea when the country is put together. "People should be aware about the problems caused when the country is not united, and should take actions for the reunification. Politics Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice. Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Politics Seunghee Kim Unification Is a Must, Not an Option

Politics Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Works Cited > News Share Yeongho Jeong 2022/10/23 0 "Break their lineage, break their roots, break their connections, and break their origins," said Maisumujiang Maimuer, a member of Chinese religious affairs, on August 10, 2017, through the Xinhua Weibo page. As Maimuer said, China has been destroying the Uyghur people since 2016 by imprisoning them in Xinjiang, located in the northwest of China. But first, who are the Uyghur people? Uyghur people, also known as Uyghurs, are an ethnic group consisting mostly of Muslims and are currently segregated in Xinjiang. The tragedy began in July 2009, when a conflict between the Han people and the Uyghurs ignited. A dispute between Uyghurs and Han Chinese in the factory caused Uyghurs to riot, which is now known as the Ürümqi riot. The Ürümqi riot resulted in over one-hundred deaths of Uyghur people and caused Uyghurs to take revenge on the Han Chinese. In turn, Uyghurs killed Han Chinese for several years, until 2016, when China declared Uyghurs to be imprisoned in Xinjiang. According to BBC News, "Who are the Uyghurs and why is China accused of genocide?" There are roughly more than one million Uyghurs detained in the Xinjiang restricted area. China's response to the Uyghur's uprising was extremely harsh. Uyghurs were restricted in their religion, were forced to labor, and women were sexually abused. Currently, there is a debate over whether China's response to the Uyhgurs was the right thing to do, or was it too harsh? Although the Uyghurs took revenge on the Han Chinese in a crucial way, China's Uyghur genocide can still be viewed as evil. To decide whether China's punishment should be justified or not, it is critical to know the start of this conflict. No matter what, the fact is the Han Chinese massacred the Uyghurs right before the Ürümqi riot. Although the conflict between the Uyghurs and Han Chinese seems to be the fault of the Han Chinese, it is clear that China was unjust. They had punished the Uyghurs instead of the Han Chinese when the Han Chinese killed the Uyghurs from the start. In light of the fact that China punished the unfair victim, its genocide towards the Uyghur is a clear act of evil on its part. Furthermore, according to BBC News research, in December 2020, about half a million Uyghurs in the restricted area were forced to pick cotton in Xinjiang. This form of coerced labor contradicts China's initial purpose of segregating Uygurs to reduce possible threats. Although the Chinese government declared that they locked up Uyghurs to prevent ongoing conflicts, they instead 'used' Uyghurs for their own profits and economic benefits. Research has further shown that China forced Uyghurs to labor, especially in cotton fields to gain cotton to sell and boost their economic standard. The evil purpose was revealed further in 2021 when the Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) added an additional product China produced through labor: Polysilicon. As stated by the U.S. Department of Labor, polysilicon from China was mainly produced by Muslim minorities in China or Uyghurs. Additional research claims that all goods manufactured by China's labor force were mostly manufactured in Xinjiang. This enhances the possibility that Uyghurs were subjected to much harsher labor. The effect of such oppressive acts has been detrimental to the Uyghur population. There are about 12 million Uyghurs, but only one million of them are detained in a restricted area, also known as a re-education camp. Then what happened to the rest of the Uyghurs, 11 million people? Many know Uyghurs' restriction as a positive way to resolve conflicts; some even does not know what Uyhgurs' genocides are, however, the truth is, that Uyghur genocide has its own evil but hidden purposes and the punishment is overwhelmingly excessive. How would you feel if you were forced to be transported to an awkward space to labor for the rest of your life? How would you feel if you suddenly received all the hatred from others and your friends, and were separated from others? These imaginations aren't just simple imaginations, they are true stories that happened to over one million people, and they are stories that 'would' happen to more and more Uyghurs. Politics Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice. Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Politics Yeongho Jeong What Is the Uyghur Genocide In China, and How Bad Is It?

Politics November 22, 2023 at 3:58:32 PM 00 °c Log In Politics Are Humans Living in the Most Peaceful Time of History? Politics 2023/11/12 Share Seoeun Park “Currently, we are living in the most peaceful time in history,” researchers, scientists, historians, and countless people globally argue. Harvard University psychologist and psycholinguist, Steven Pinker in his book The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, stated that we are now living in the most peaceful era ever in the history of homo sapiens. According to Pinker, humans throughout history have succeeded in the mass reduction of violence, which enabled the establishment of the most peaceful era in human history. He metaphorically illustrates this phenomenon, that “our inner demons were restrained” whereas “our better angels were unleashed”. However, is it possible to argue that humans are at the highest level of achievable peace since the history of existence? For instance, politics - one of society’s most active topics of discussion - proves the best examples to debunk this belief. If one asks what kind of impression politics has - peaceful, or a field of violence, many may answer that it is similar to the latter. Furthermore, two recent outbreak of global war allows us to doubt the better angels that are said to have been unleashed. After the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war, as marked by the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, violence has exponentially increased in number but has also intensified its degree. Domestic and individual violence such as rape and sexual assaults have escalated significantly in the frequency of reports. Most recently, the Israel-Hamas War, which is resulting and continuing its contribution to uprising violence in the world by methods of sacrificing civilians including young children, inhumane massacres, and more. The continuous reports of violence from various wars around the world question the argument of whether humanitarianism was ever achieved. Are humans truly living in the most peaceful era of history? Should this contemporary era be said to be the most peaceful, when people are still abusing, verbally attacking, and initiating a war against each other? While it is truly disappointing that historians have come to a consensus that over the centuries of warfare and dispute, the current era is considered to be the most peaceful, this may be an area of growth for people of modern times. For the future generations to be newly labeled as the most peaceful times, how can the current society thrive to achieve a step closer to true peace? Works Cited > News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Magazine Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In The Itaewon Crush: A Tragedy We Should Never Let Happen Again Magazine 0 Itaewon is known for its festivity and diversity, especially during the holidays, including Halloween. In the usual Halloween seasons, crowds in their 20-30s would gather around Itaewon downtown, enjoying the night of the festival. Such a flourish in the festival is expected in Itaewon, and the self-employed of those areas also expected a boom for that night. What would’ve happened, was that the crowd was to be controlled in small numbers in streets, to control the people in the same area. Such enforcements were how the festival was sustained for the past years. One hundred fifty-six people, mainly the youth, died in the Halloween festival on October 28th due to a crowd crush in Itaewon. Unfortunately, the Korean government tried to dodge obligations by saying there was no responsibility to anybody since there was no host for Halloween events on the night of the tragedy. However, article 34 of the Constitution states, "the state should make efforts to prevent disasters and protect the people from danger." Due to the government's insufficient actions, residents, business owners, and community members in Itaewon with the enormity of loss not only Itaewon Station, the World Food Culture Street area, and the surrounding commercial districts experienced no customers, resulting in a deficit. Government intervention is inevitable to address the decline in sales on Itaewon streets, which has worsened due to the 10.29 accident. It is difficult to see the disaster and Covid-19 as the responsibility of companies and stores on Itaewon Road. Thus, the government should help owners compensate for the damage by subsidizing and reducing debt through low-interest rates. In addition, the government should introduce systems and laws to prevent the disaster from happening again and protect merchants through thorough suspension. The tragedy in Seoul’s central Itaewon neighborhood has injured over 350 people, including 150 casualties. Due to this traumatic event, the Korean government officially proposed a condolence week from October 30th to November 5th. During this time, any form of entertainment, such as concerts, sports games, and films. Markedly, ticket sales for art performances have dropped more than 30%, and 20% for cinema ticket sales, according to data from the Korea Performing Arts and Korean Film Council (Kim). This crisis threatened to dampen the nation’s aggregate consumption. The crisis also severely impacted the Korean economy, where monetary policy was implemented to lower the interest rates to revive the inactive market. However, this also led to conspicuous consumption, causing a high inflation rate and deteriorating exports. Following this, the Bank of Korea (BOK) announced that there would be a constant increase in interest rates to cut inflation. Under this situation, the entertainment sector's decrease in supply and demand hit the Korean economy hard. While this tragedy is becoming a hot issue in Korea, Korea once experienced a similar accident that resulted in the depression of its economy. In 2014 when the Sewol sinking snatched away many lives, Korea saw elevated economic costs. According to the Korea Economic Research Institute, the cost of direct and indirect monetary losses from the Ferry Sewol disaster was more than 2 trillion won. Furthermore, the private economic damage caused by weak consumption was the highest at 1.8 trillion won. All these tragedies Korea has faced show how economically harmful a social issue is by manifesting resulting economic losses. Therefore, the Korean government and citizens are supposed to learn from past experiences and prevent future crises by considering these possible budgetary and social losses. After the tragedy in Itaewon, thousands of Korean people brought their candles out, calling President Yoon Suk Yeol "the true culprit of the Itaewon disaster" near the Seoul city wall. The government's sanctions on the merchants during the pandemic have brought dissatisfaction and resentment among the people. Nevertheless, as the tragedy happened right after the official permission from the government to run their shop, as usual, people complained about the inevitable damage to their profits to the government, "We thought business was finally coming back after the pandemic, but now we have this, but I know I should not complain when I think of the victims and their families." Instead of carefree recreation and a joyous festival on October 29th, 2022, a tragic stampede in Itaewon, Korea, traumatized the entire nation with more than 150 deaths, most of whom were in their twenties. While other large-scale disasters have occurred in Korea, no official stampedes have been reported. Yoon Seok-Yeol, President of the People's Power Party (PPP), has paid unprecedented visits to the final resting place of the Itaewon victims to express his heartfelt condolences for the loss of young lives in Itaewon as a result of the stampede. Suffocating debates over how much blame the government bears ensue, and the opposition DPK (Democratic Party of Korea) is adamant that the PPP's policy failed, as evidenced by the stampede. The family members of the Itaewon stampede victim blame the Korean Government as they showed negligence in this current situation. One family member states that the members of the PPP dozed off during the meeting, and another party member stared down at their phone, disrespecting the family members. Another prominent mistake they made was publicly opening up about the state indemnity of 20 million Korean Won. Many family members felt this was disrespectful towards the lost, as it felt like they were 'pricing' the lost lives. 2023/11/27 Share Eunnuri Cho, Seungah Hong, Soomin Hwang, Sangwon Jeong, Hyunbin Jo, Nayeon Kwak, Seoun Kim, Chaeyi Ku, Byungyoun Lee, Jiwon Moon, Jeonseo Park, Sieeun Park, Yusang Yoon Works Cited > News Magazine Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. 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