Magazine Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In The War in Ukraine Puts Children in Fear Magazine Share Parvathi Aneesh, Jian Chung, Kyunghwan Han, Dohun Kim, Seoyeon 2023/04/23 Works Cited > News 0 4/23/2023 With the war crimes and child abuse in Ukraine that Russia has created, the International Criminal Court (ICC) indicated Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova for the mass abduction of Ukrainian children. Currently, there has been an arrest warrant sent out for Putin, and the war crime has committed the unlawful deportation of the population. Therefore, due to these severe incidents happening, the United Nations criticized Russia’s abduction issues and re-education camps. To start off, regarding the abduction issues, the court had grounds to believe the crime due to reports of Ukrainian children in occupied land taken to Russia. Then, the Ukrainian children were taken from their homes and later adopted by Russian families and about 1,400 Ukrainian children were abducted from Ukraine to Russia. Since Russia believed the abduction was saving the Ukrainian children, they have taken these actions which wasn’t the right thing to do obviously. For that reason, these matters were recognized and condemned by the United Nations. Furthermore, Russia has forced children from Ukraine to be sent to re-education camps. The summer “re-education” camps were funded by Russian states under the Russian government’s influence. Among the 6,000 Ukrainian children forcibly attending the re-education camps, 90% of those children were still living with their family members. The parents were denied their right to get their children back from the re-education camps after the war had started. The United Nations' internationally illegal war crime is the act of “illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad.” Despite the constant efforts for mediation and compromise, the efforts have only resulted in the increased anger and unrest in Ukraine where children are still suffering to devastating extents, losing their childhood and being put in trauma. Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Magazine Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” Robinson About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Monthly Edition: November Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Monthly Edition: November Implications of Illegal Drug Issues Monthly Edition: November 11/30/2023 Share Yeounseo Kim Issues and scandals regarding the consumption of illegal drugs have impacted everyone in the globe, and has even influenced business management in a way that seems heartless, but ironically successful at the same time. One example in business that reflects such impact of drug issues is the new business model named “Drug Dealer Model”. Drug Dealer Model (abbreviated as DDM) is a business strategy where a company gives out small parts of their products for free, with belief that their product would satisfy the customers who received it for free and will come back for it in the future as an actual customer who increase the business’ profit. Like what its name suggests, this business strategy is identical to the strategy that drug dealers use to make people addicted to drugs; giving out drugs for free, wait for them to use it and get addicted, and see them pay thousands of money for the drugs they sell. It is a cruel reality that businesses are implementing such a strategy that originated from drug dealers, because it works. This also shows how people who are exposed to drugs would struggle hard to get away from the addiction. Implications of illegal drugs in our society is a cruel reality of the society we live in now. Works Cited > News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Economics Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Will Humans Go Extinct? Economics 0 Around the world, fertility rates -- the average number of children that a woman gives birth to during their lifetime -- are plummeting. The minimal acceptable fertility rate that will keep the population steady is approximately 2.1, and if the number falls below that, the population starts to decline. According to The Lancet, at current fertility rates, researchers are expecting the global population to peak at 2064, before declining by almost one billion people by the end of the century. Some may think that the projected population decline is a positive sign for the environment because carbon emissions and use of non-renewable resources would be reduced. However, as the aging population steadily increases to eventually outnumber the younger population, the inverted age structure will give rise to various social issues regarding healthcare, education, and the economy. Eventually, it will be the younger generations who will have to take on the burden of a massively aged population, and retirement might not be a viable option anymore. A Success Story? According to Statistics Korea, South Korea had the lowest fertility rate in the world in 2021 of 0.81, making it one of the 23 countries around the world that expect their population to halve by 2100, and possibly go extinct in a few centuries. Concerns are being raised about this strikingly low number. “If we take this as a compressed measure of basic life, it’s a troublesome figure,” said a professor of policy at Seoul’s Hanyang University, Lee Samsik, in one interview with the New York Times. One of the predominant causes of the low fertility rate in South Korea and internationally is that more women are investing in education and their careers than in the past. On one hand this might seem like a success story; societies are getting closer to achieving gender equality; however, many find that having children acts as a hindrance to the development of their careers, especially for women because they are expected to take long maternity leaves. Hence, these trends show that “life isn’t going well for a lot of young people”, a quote from the demographer with the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs in an interview with the New York Times. “For many, it’s natural not to have kids or marry at all.” To Avoid the Worst The low fertility rate issue is not completely unsolvable, and the two main policies that governments are implementing to manage it are subsidizing child care services and encouraging migration. Subsidizing child care services lowers their price and allows working mothers to leave their children at child care and continue working. The primary goal of this policy is to diminish the financial burden of raising children, and encourage more people to have children. Subsidizing state-run daycare centers does have an effect in reducing their costs, but many parents prefer private daycare centers or kindergartens over state-run ones despite the expensive price as they provide education. According to the Korea Herald, some experts argue that governments should work on improving the quality of education in both private and public institutions for young children in order for the subsidy policy to be successful. This claim is supported by survey results that have shown that parents are willing to spend more as long as their child gets better education and care. Encouraging immigration is another policy in place to boost the population and increase the number of people in the workforce. Statistics show that migration is a major contributing factor to a nation’s population growth. For example, according to a researcher from The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, Dr. Alessio Cangiano, 56% of the increase of the U.K. population from 1991 to 2018 was due to the direct contribution of net migration and the natural change that followed it. Encouraging immigration would not only keep the population stable and improve fertility rates, but benefit nations with other economic effects such as increasing the GDP per capita 2023/03/11 Share Sieeun Rhee Works Cited > News Economics Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. 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Science Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Science The reason why ESG is dying and its future Science 12/15/2023 Share Soyee Kim ESG refers to environmental, social, and governance as a set of criteria for a company’s conduct that socially conscious investors use to evaluate possible investments (The Investopedia Team). These days ESG investing has declined in the US since the first quarter of 2022. According to Robert Jenkins – Head of global research at Lipper – by the end of September, US ESG fund assets under management had dropped from $399 billion in the second quarter to $315 billion. As we enter the final quarter of 2023 it seems to keep declining (Goodkind, “ESG Investing Is Dying on Wall Street. Here’s Why | CNN Business”). ESG is dying as it cannot perform in financial terms very well. Although the ESG did outperform the 12-month moving average return for the wider market by 2.8 percentage points, the convergence of market, geopolitical, and political developments has seriously undermined the investor’s enthusiasm for ESG investing (Goodkind, “ESG Investing Is Dying. That’s Not a Bad Thing | CNN Business”). Jenkins says “I think ESG was overly trendy and it got caught up in itself” (Goodkind, “ESG Investing Is Dying. That’s Not a Bad Thing | CNN Business”). His words can be interpreted as the ESG has been too dependent on the trend and thus, now, they are not saying anything new or special, but just keep repeating its words (Goodkind, “ESG Investing Is Dying. That’s Not a Bad Thing | CNN Business”). The firms used greenwashing which is a word derived from “white wash”. It is used when the firm uses “green” for advertising or marketing their product to persuade the consumers that their product is considered the environment (Hayes). As the company used ESG, instead of boosting its popularity it decreased its reputation and hence, the ESG has failed. However, ESG is expected to reemerge in a new way collaborating with artificial intelligence. As ESG has to collect an enormous amount of data, artificial intelligence can be used to collect data and analyze it (Goodkind, “ESG Investing Is Dying on Wall Street. Here’s Why | CNN Business”). Works Cited > News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Opinion Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Misconceptions Between Two Superpowers That Led to a Tragedy Opinion 0 While there are factors that were unavoidable that inevitably led to the cold war, there are also factors that could have been avoided. One is misconceptions between two countries that led to more serious rivalry and increased tension unnecessary. The crucial misunderstanding was done by the U.S. when George Kennan, a missionary in the U.S.S.R, sent the Long telegram to the state to clarify U.SS.R actions and motives by explaining foreign policies. In this telegram, it explained why the U.S.S.R didn’t participate in international economic organizations and actions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund. It also offered the U.S. to act for capitalism with political ways, avoiding direct military conflicts. However, the U.S. misunderstood the Soviet motifs as expansionism and thought the telegram was a hint of revolution against capitalism. The U.S. interpreted that as the U.S.S.R was xenophobic, paranoid of the U.S. and countries, the war will inevitably happen soon. This misunderstanding led to a second telegram that increased the tension between two countries even more. As a reply to the Long telegram, the Soviet ambassador in the U.S. named Nikolai Novikov sent the Novikov telegram to the Soviet government. In this telegram. Stalin understood this telegram to be warning the U.S.S.R that the U.S. is economically, militarily strong and is desiring to dominate the world with this power. As these two telegrams, caused by misunderstanding of each other’s motives, alerted both countries and eventually increased the tension as both countries tried to stop each other and prepare for a war, eventually leading to further conflicts that connected to the cold war. Another misconception was when speeches of leaders of countries were delivered. First speech delivered was a public speech from Britain’s former leader Churchill that was aimed to convince the U.S. the need to stop the spread of communism by expressing fear of U.S.S.R expansionism. As this was a public speech that showed the positive connection of Britain and the U.S. while negative with the U.S.SR, it aggravated Stalin. In Pravda’s interview, Stalin blamed Western Europe, including Britain and the U.S., for being offensive and “war mongering”. These speeches were key to two countries publicizing and developing their rivalry and distrust, increasing the tension and foreshadowing a war. Even though speeches and telegrams were chances to stop the cold war by understanding each other’s intentions clearly and peacefully, they were misunderstood and used as a tool to show distrust and increase tension. Like this, there were evitable causes of the cold war that could have been avoided. However, the cold war consists of multiple inevitable causes that shows that even if the war was avoided during the early times, it would have inevitably happened afterwards. 2023/04/23 Share Yubin Cho Works Cited > News Opinion Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Weekdays, Month Day, Year 00 °c Log In Politics Prospect of the Insurging Artificial Intelligence Technology Politics AI chatbots have deeply penetrated people’s daily lives. Share 1/10/2025 Daniel Jo Share 2024 has marked the advancement of artificial intelligence and its developments. Nowadays, AI has become a necessary companion for a lot of us. Starting from ChatGPT—a simple chatbot powered by AI in 2022—AI technology has evolved to be more accessible for the users that it has deeply infiltrated into their lives. Within the context of images, audio, videos, and improved text, it certainly makes our jobs and everyday lives very easy to go through. Now, with ChatGPT and many other similar AI chatbots like Google’s very own Gemini following it behind, the technology industry is competing to develop a more convenient, easier AI technology. And for sure, the competition will continue to intensify in 2025. With the AI revolution in full swing ahead, tasks that once required heavy hours of human labor are now swiftly handled by AI systems. Even complex challenges thought to be an exclusive domain of human expertise, are now being tackled by increasingly sophisticated AI models. Still, such an advance requires continued effort from the ones who build and develop those models, which are AI companies like OpenAI, Google, and so on. The dawn of artificial intelligence—now smart enough to communicate like human beings—will come with a much higher responsibility. Even now, before the increasing advancement of AI chatbots, security concerns regarding personal information that artificial intelligence is now handling have already been under debate. Now, the stakes are much higher, since everyone can easily access, work, and talk through the AI chatbots. Such concerns, including ethical AI usage and bias in algorithms, must be addressed very seriously with robust privacy and security frameworks. AI will for sure revolutionize everyone’s lives, but it remains a task to be solved about how it will be set for the better—or for the worse. Works Cited Hunt, Katie. “‘A Sort of Superpower’: Unexpected Revelations Made Possible by Ai in 2024.” CNN , Cable News Network, 21 Dec. 2024, edition.cnn.com/2024/12/21/science/artificial-intelligence-ai-science-2024/index.html . Reuters. “Microsoft Plans to Invest $80 Billion on AI-Enabled Data Centers in Fiscal 2025 | CNN Business.” CNN , Cable News Network, 3 Jan. 2025, edition.cnn.com/2025/01/03/tech/microsoft-ai-data-centers/index.html . Towfighi, John. “Google’s New AI Tool Uses Image Prompts Instead of Text | CNN Business.” CNN, Cable News Network, 17 Dec. 2024, edition.cnn.com/2024/12/17/business/google-ai-whisk-image-prompts/index.html . > News Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Magazine Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Eradicating Water Pollution Magazine 0 Water pollution is gradually damaging both nature and our health. Water pollution causes millions of deaths every year. People exposed to water pollution have an increased possibility of cancer and a damaged spinal cord. Also, people are more likely to have vascular disease and liver damage. In terms of the environment, water pollution exposes toxic metals to various fish species, and the proportion of oxygen in the water would significantly decrease. People initiated different processes to deal with water pollution issues. People started wastewater treatments. This process removes all of the pollutants from the water through chemical, physical, or biological processes. It is the most effective way to reduce water pollution. After each process, water treatment sensors ensure the absence of all contaminants from the intoxicated solution. The following sensors include pH sensors, conductivity sensors, and more. Another effort to reduce water pollution is to decrease plastic waste. Plastics are detrimental causes of water pollution. 9-12 million tons of plastics reach water every year, and to reduce the number, many people showed efforts to remove the plastics in the ocean and on the seashore. Also, green agriculture is one of many ways to solve water pollution. Agriculture is the primary cause of water pollution. The pesticides and fertilizers necessary for agriculture are washed away with rain falling. These cause chemicals and bacteria to move into the water bodies. People sought to solve such issues by using green agriculture. Planting trees and other plants near waterways will prevent the spread of toxic chemicals and bacteria into the water bodies. These contributions may be hard to proceed with as an individual. Individuals can also contribute to reducing water pollution by decreasing water usage. When you are not using water, turn the faucet off. Another methodology that people could use is to avoid throwing away garbage into the toilet. Many people throw away wrappers, dust cloths, and even remaining foods into the toilet. These eventually could increase the possibility that sewage lines would get blocked. Throwing away fats through the sink would show the same consequence as well. There are many measures that people can and should take to decrease water pollution. All these efforts are effective, and with numerous people taking part, the issues with water pollution will decrease every day. 2023/04/23 Share Sungmin Ahn, Nayoon Cho, Sumin Cho, Sungbin Cho, Younseo Choi, Eunjae Hong, Junseok Huh, Yuju Hwang, Jinuk Jung, Sian Kim, Sunwoo Kim, Dayeon Lee, Gunwoo Lee, Jungwook Lee, Hoseong Nam, Jeongyeon Park, Shinyoung Park, Jungyeon Wi Works Cited > News Magazine Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Science Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In The Psychology of Mask-Wearing Science 0 Recently, the New York Times shed light on the reason why Asians do not take off their masks even though their governments have already eased mask-wearing regulations. Surprisingly, the main reason why people avoided taking off their masks was concern about their appearance without masks. Especially in South Korea and Japan, the anxiety concerning others’ disappointment if the mask is removed was high. There are many reasons for not taking off the mask. Fine dust, prevention of infectious diseases, consideration for others, etc. However, for sure, appearance would be the most important factor of all. In particular, it seems to have a big impact on teenagers. According to the results of a recent survey published by the Korean Association of Youth, many teenagers wear masks even while eating because of low confidence in their appearance, and they are willing to wear masks in the future. What does a mask have to do with the appearance of a person wearing it? Studies have shown that masks make people look more attractive. A research team from the Department of Psychology at Cardiff University in the U.K. conducted an experiment with 43 women to find out the effect of masks on their appearance. First, they took pictures of 40 men and asked them to classify them into attractive or unattractive groups. They then presented photos of men not wearing masks or wearing either a white mask or a blue medical mask and again, asked the surveyors to rate them on a scale of 1 to 7. As a result, both attractive and unattractive men received good ratings when wearing a mask. Attractive men without a mask scored an average of 3.4 points, but when wearing a mask, it exceeded 3.5 points. Unattractive men scored an average of 1.8 when not wearing a mask, but the points exceeded 2 when they were wearing masks. Especially, the attractiveness was found to be the highest when wearing a medical blue mask, receiving 0.1 points more than when wearing a white mask. The research team analyzed that it was because our brains automatically assume that the rest of the face that is not revealed would be attractive. People psychologically tend to think of the good side first. Gwak Geum-ju, a professor of psychology at Seoul National University, said in an interview with Health Chosun: “When we look at a circle or triangle drawn with lines, we usually think of it as a good shape first, but we don’t consciously look for bumpy lines. Rather than imagining it in detail, it is easy to automatically substitute a perfect image that has been encountered before.” Though masks might cover facial insecurities, they degrade communication between people. Hidden facial expressions behind masks significantly lack the delivery of emotions from person to person. Professor Kwak Geum-joo said, “There is a research result that it is difficult to know other people's emotional states such as joy and pleasure if you cover your mouth.” To conclude, masks are currently a “trend” that covers up people’s facial insecurities and boosts their appearances. However, though masks might raise confidence, they deteriorate communication and might cause problems due to miscommunication. And the fact is, people will eventually get to know your naked face without masks. If revealing your face is inevitable, why don’t you start taking off your masks to show your shiny smile? 2023/02/05 Share Yujin Yang Works Cited > News Science Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know The Controversy Behind Netflix “Dahmer–Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story” General About Us Staff Events My account Popular sections Politics Economics Science Arts Other sections Opinion Magazine Games Contact Us Contact Us Social media Advertise With Us COOKIE PREFERENCES PRIVACY POLICY TERMS OF USE Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © Robinson Review 2023. R and ‘Robinson Review’ are trademarks of Robinson Review. Robinson Review and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the Robinson Editorial Code of Practice.

Science Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In The Brain of Left-Handed & Ambidextrous Science Approximately 10% of people are left-handed, although the neurological basis of handedness is unknown. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and the Donders Institute in Nijmegen led a multinational team that examined brain imaging and genetic data from 3,062 left-handers and 28,802 right-handers. Differences in brain asymmetry in areas related to working memory, language, hand control, and vision were linked to left-handedness. Specific genes were connected to some of these brain locations. Left-handedness has long captivated scientists. This is due to brain asymmetry, which is the way the two brain hemispheres are specialized for separate functions. In right-handers, the left hemisphere controls the dominant right hand, but in left-handers, the position is inverted. The majority of people have left hemisphere dominance in language, but this is commonly reversed in left-handers. Handedness in the Womb: Around 9-10 weeks, fetuses begin to move their arms. By the end of the second trimester, the newborns clearly prefer sucking one thumb over the other. As a result, handedness is most likely programmed before birth. Nonetheless, most developmental experts believe parents won't have a strong idea of their child's dominant hand until he or she is two or three. Throughout early life, many children continue to alternate hands for various tasks. The Brain Difference of Left-handed: People are often surprised to learn that the brains of left-handers differ from those of right-handers. However, it is obvious that they should differ in some ways: Left-handers utilize their hands (and feet) differently than right-handers, and they do so frequently throughout their lives. It is only normal for left-handers and right-handers to have separate areas of the brain that control movement. Left-handed Way of Thinking: There have been numerous claims that left-handers are more creative, but there is little solid data to support this. Increased musical ability is another frequently mentioned skill that left-handers may have, however there is little evidence to support this. Many statements concerning left-handers' superior abilities are based on internet lists of famous artists. While funny, these lists span several decades of mainstream music, and you'll find (if you try) that for every left-handed guitarist on such lists, there are easily enough right-handed guitarists to match the population's average 9:1 ratio of right- and left-handers. However, left-handed people may think differently in another way. A powerful theory is that when we see or hear the word "writing," we understand it by employing the regions of our brains that govern our own movements, as if we were writing ourselves. This concept is sometimes referred to as "embodied cognition." It was evaluated by observing activity in the left and right motor cortex (a brain region involved in movement) in left- and right-handed participants while listening to words like "writing." Left-handers stimulated the motor cortex that controls their left hand, whereas right-handers activated the motor cortex that controls their right hand - as if they were actually writing, despite merely hearing the word. Forced Right-handedness: Cultural prejudices against left-handed people have existed throughout history. The devil was thought to be a lefty throughout the Middle Ages. The percentage of left-handers in Japan, China, and other Asian countries is substantially lower than in the West. Teachers and doctors in the United States felt that left-handers were more prone to mental problems in the early 1900s and encouraged students to swap hands. The opposing side of the brain controls the hand used to write with – in right-handed people, movement-related regions on the left side of the brain are more active when they move the fingers of their right hand. However, switching from left to right handed does not simply shift brain activity to the opposite side of the brain. Ambidextrous: Ambidextrousness, also known as ambidexterity, is sometimes known as mixed-handedness, albeit the terms are significantly different. Ambidexterity is the capacity to accomplish things competently with either hand. The tendency to use various hands for different tasks is known as mixed-handedness. It usually refers to personal choice rather than expertise. Besides injury and cultural preferences, genetics could play a role. A 2021 studyTrusted Source discovered seven gene variations connected with ambidexterity. More research, however, is required to fully comprehend these variances. 2023/10/16 Share Women Pi: Maritza Tsabitah Works Cited > News Science Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. 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Magazine Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Brazil and COP27: The Amazon River Is Saved Magazine Share Hyunuk Bang, Soobin Jang, Harry Jung, Seunghyeon Lee, Jisoo Moon, Jaehun Oh, Chanseo Rue, Hwarim Ryoo, Wonjun Son 2023/02/05 Works Cited > News 0 2/5/2023 On October 30th of 2022, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, or “Lula” da Silva of the worker’s party, was reelected as president of Brazil after his first presidency, which lasted from 2003 until 2011. Unlike his predecessor, Jair Bolsonaro, Lula is known for his liberal policies focused on preserving the environment and promoting social equality. Many have therefore suspected some changes in Brazil’s position of dealing with those issues. Meeting these expectations, Lula participated in the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 27) shortly after he was elected. At the meeting, he delivered a speech emphasizing the importance of preserving the Amazon Forest while declaring that Brazil will play a more significant role in tackling global climate change. Apart from the comeback of Lula & Brazil, COP 27 alone has also succeeded in drawing out several meaningful agreements to qualify climate change. Unlike past COP meetings, which were only limited to formal agreements on setting climate goals, COP 27 was influential in the term that it reached a consensus on the actual financial support, which resulted in the launching of the new global shielding fund and the reassurance on the execution of past agreements that included rich country’s financial aid of 100 billion U.S.D on the developing countries to support them in achieving an eco-friendly development. These events of Lula’s reelection and COP 27 reflect the current worldwide concern about the environment, and this trend of eco-friendliness is no exception in the business field. Although investment in eco-friendly businesses has slightly shrunk this year due to the Russian-Ukrainian war and the global economic recession, it is evident that with the increasing demands from society and customers, more businesses are heading toward a goal of developing sustainable and environmentally favorable business models. Microsoft has started the Carbon Negative project and has worked with local farms to find a way to absorb more carbon dioxide into the soil. Amazon has declared that they will convert 10,000 delivery vehicles to electric vehicles by 2022, and even ExxonMobil, one of the classic fossil-fuel companies, has decided to invest 15 billion U.S.D in lower-carbon technology. Different sovereign wealth funds and Asset management companies are also contributing to the development of this trend in the Business sector. Bank of America and Citigroup launched an ESG fund, and groups like Norway Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) and Blackrock are even considering only investing in groups that could ensure environmental sustainability, giving further benefits to ‘Green’ companies. One prediction that we could make based on this phenomenon amongst businesses is the worldwide increase in cooperation between the companies that pursue environmental values. The collaboration of well-known corporations and innovative social ventures is not an unprecedented event and, instead, has been noticeably increasing since the public acknowledged the concept of a sustainable and eco-friendly business model. Parley’s collaboration with American Express and Adidas could be one example. Parley is a company that upcycles marine debris, and through its collaboration with Amex and Adidas, creating a credit card and running shoes made out of marine debris, Parley got more people’s attention on ocean pollution. At the same time, Amex Card and Adidas succeeded in leaving positive impressions on customers. Jenga is another company you might have heard of that collaborated with the social venture. In 2017, Jenga released a new addition to the Jenga series named “Jenga Ocean.” This product resulted from the collaboration with another plastic upcycling company called Bureo, and the entire plastic pieces included in Jenga Ocean were made out of abandoned fishing nets. As we can see from Lula and COP 27, sustainability and eco-friendliness will become more and more central to the public’s focus as this trend continues, and more businesses will look for a way to appeal to the customers by associating themselves positively with the overarching theme of the environment. As a way, collaborations between companies will be further stimulated, and these kinds of interactions could be a possible direction that leads to a goal that all companies should aim for: a path towards productive cooperation between different businesses and the co-existence of the pursuit of profit with the environment. Lula Da Silva, the former president of Brazil who had served 8 years from 2003 to 2011, was recently re-elected as the next president of Brazil following the end of Jair Bolsonaro’s regime in January. Lula was an environmental candidate who vowed to save the world’s largest rainforest, the Amazon. His promises are focused on the rainforest in that it contains a quarter of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity, stores billions of tons of carbon as well as releases billions of tons of water annually. Climate activists, world leaders, and environmental investors cheered the victory of Lula’s election due to the environmentally friendly promises he has made. He pledged to enact policies to inhibit illegal activities such as logging, mining, and land grabbing so that he can effectively stop the ongoing deforestation and climate change. Given Lula’s win and Brazil’s new policies, there are several expected financial benefits. Many investors have viewed the election as an opportunity to lift bans on Brazilian sovereign bonds, which were banned by multiple asset management companies in 2019 due to the last regime’s ineffective environmental policies and the proliferation of illegal activities in the rainforest. After the confirmation of Lula’s victory, the management immediately lifted bans, expecting new environmental policies. For instance, the two giant managements, Nordea Asset Management and Robeco with 237 billion euros and 200 billion euros in assets respectively, withdrew their holdings in the bonds. Therefore, Brazil will be able to sell its bonds to a large portion of people and bring more cash into the country for the sake of the country's financial development and stability. With Lula’s transition team, the new government of Brazil is expected to show their willingness to protect the environment and the Amazon during the upcoming COP 27 in order to be comfortable with the international community whose main concern is climate change. With the considerable relation with the international community, the government will discuss resuming financial aid for protecting the Amazon as it was suspended after the last regime’s ineffective environmental policies, which Norway is already signaling its willingness to discuss. Politics When climate scientists raise concerns over the “tipping point” of climate change that could force higher temperatures and more frequent natural disasters, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest is one of their chief worries scientists hold. As Brazil controls the largest portion of the Amazon region, the government of Brazil can decide the fate of the rate of climate change. With that said, on October 30th, 2022, Brazillians voted in a runoff election for their president. The election was won by Luiz ‘Lula’ Ignacio Da Silva, with the narrowest margins. And the result has some crucial ramifications as to how Brazil–once with its notorious green reputation set by the previous incumbent party–can refurbish its reputation in global climate politics. Lula, defeating the right-wing presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro who presided over the destruction of Amazon, brought optimism to the global conversation of preserving Amazon. Lula, with his “Brazil is back” speech at the COP27 in Egypt, promised to act as a leader who confronts climate change. With Lula in the leadership of Brazil, various new policies to “ramp up environmental law enforcement and create green jobs” were announced. Following his promises, Lula–at his speech in Egypt–also reminded the leaders of the developed nations of a 2009 pledge to aid $100 billion every year, saying, “I don’t know how many representatives of rich countries are here; I want to say that my return here is also to collect on what was promised.” Now, it is perhaps too early to tell whether Lula’s renewed policies and various meetings with the UN and governments would bring tangible change in the climate. Besides, cooperation with developed nations to retrieve the pledged $100 billion remains a challenge. Regardless, it is most definite that with the new president elected for Brazil, there is a new spark of hope for the climate. Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. 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Science Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Vaseline on Your Face? Four Tips That Others Don’t Know Science 0 Vaseline is a product created by combining the Greek word "Elaion," meaning olive oil, and "Wasser," meaning water. The main ingredient in Vaseline is petroleum jelly, a hydrocarbon solid substance with various functions such as lubrication, coating, and moisturizing. This substance melts at a temperature close to the human body's 37 degrees Celsius and, when applied to wounds, creates a coating that prevents bacterial infections and speeds up healing with moisturizing properties. In 1870, chemist Robert Chesebrough first introduced Vaseline as a "wound healing remedy" in the United States. Later, it was reintroduced as a "skin moisturizer" with great effectiveness. For 150 years, Vaseline has been loved and used as a moisturizing cream, and we will introduce four tips for how to use it on your face. Lip Moisturizing and Exfoliation Vaseline can be beneficial for lip moisturizing and exfoliation due to its occlusive properties. When applied to the lips, Vaseline forms a protective barrier on the surface of the skin, helping to lock in moisture and prevent dryness. Apply Vaseline generously to your lips when your lip skin is rough after taking a shower. After about 15 minutes, wipe it off with your fingers for clean, moist lips. If you have chapped lips frequently, you can use Vaseline as a substitute for lip balm. For lip exfoliation, apply Vaseline and use a soft toothbrush or damp cloth to gently scrub your lips in a circular motion. Additionally, for an overnight treatment, apply a generous amount of Vaseline to your lips before bed and leave it on overnight. While Vaseline is helpful for lip care, it should not be the only source of moisture for your lips, and you should also drink plenty of water and use a good quality lip balm. Use as Point Makeup Remover Vaseline, made from safe petroleum, can remove almost any type of makeup. Even if you wear heavy "waterproof" makeup on your eyes or lips, you can use Vaseline as a lip and eye makeup remover. To use it as a makeup remover, take a small amount of Vaseline and gently massage it onto the area where you want to remove the makeup. Leave it on for a few minutes to break down the makeup, and then wipe it away using a clean cotton pad or tissue. Vaseline is particularly useful in removing waterproof mascara, eyeliner, and long-lasting lipstick, which can be challenging to remove with regular makeup removers. However, it should only be used as a point makeup remover and not on the entire face, as it can clog pores and cause breakouts. However, when using it as an eye makeup remover, it is recommended to use a cotton swab to prevent it from getting into your eyes. Skin Moisture Barrier Applying Vaseline to your skin creates a protective barrier that blocks external factors and maintains the moisture inside your skin. However, since Vaseline only serves to block moisture loss and does not provide direct moisture, it is recommended to apply an essence that is rich in moisture and then apply Vaseline on top. In a study published in an Indian dermatology journal in 2016, Vaseline was found to be more effective at moisturizing than lanolin, olive oil, or mineral oil. Eyebrow Styling Unlike stimulating cosmetics, Vaseline, made from safe ingredients, can be used around the eyes to shape your eyebrows to your desired shape. You can maintain the desired shape of your straight or arched eyebrows by applying a thin layer of Vaseline to your eyebrows. It is also useful for grooming areas such as shaving or trimming eyebrows, and it can also be used as a hair styling product. Currently, the war has entered a protracted state of conflict, becoming a war of attrition. Amidst this, Russia faces severe morale problems. The UK’s Ministry of Defense stated that “Cases of whole Russian units refusing orders and armed standoffs between officers and their troops continue to occur''. On the other side, Ukraine’s calls for greater military aid are not met. Ukrainian advisers requested “60 or even 300” rocket artillery systems, to which the US, UK, and Germany have only promised 10. Oleksandr Starukh, a Ukrainian governor, stated that “[they] need these weapons” as economic damage will increase if the war continues. These factors make it unlikely for any side to make headway in the foreseeable future. 2023/04/23 Share Insun Yoon Works Cited > News Science Robinson Review Favorites A Review of Alternative Bottleless Water Ooho Dongha Kim Three Reasons Why the U.S. Shot Down the Chinese Spy Balloon Seunghyeon Lee How Truly Significant Is the Collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank on the U.S. Economy? Songi Chai, Yubin Cho, Seohyun Jang.. Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Rights As the Birth Rate Issue Emerges in China, CNN’s Recent Report May Shine Light on a New Vision of Politics Seoun Kim The New Fossil Fuel: Lithium Yubin Cho Yubin Cho Trending on Robinson Review As Economic Growth Slows, Retail Sales in March Decreases Joe Biden's Signing of the Respect for Marriage Act Becomes A Turning Point in the Fight for LGBTQ+ Right Vaseline on Your Face? 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Magazine Tuesday, December 23, 2025 00 °c Log In Political Opposition Against the European Super League (ESL), Why? Magazine Share Seongmin Choi, Hyundo Jung, Jaeheon Jung, Yeongho Jeong, Gyumin Kim, Hyunseo Kim, Seun Kim, Yechan Kim, Jeongwoo Lee, Yoonseo Lim, Seoa Park 2023/02/05 Works Cited > News 0 2/5/2023 A fan of Chelsea FC condemned a fan of Liverpool FC for spending only $66 million during the recent transfer window. A fan of Chelsea FC proudly proclaims that they have spent $630 million in the first two transfer windows. Although football fans might be delighted by the signings of new players, many experts and CEO of other football clubs are alarmed by the immense spending by Chelsea FC. The U.S. and Europe sports leagues have disparate systems and economic models. For instance, the U.S. soccer league does not have a relegation and transfer fee system, As the system of transfer fee does not exist in the U.S. sports league, it eliminates the need for the U.S. sports team to make an aggressive investment. Instead, it allows the U.S. sports team to become self-sufficient and successful with revenue earned from broadcast fees and ticket sales. Prospects and young players join a team through a draft system. Furthermore, the absence of a relegation system reduces the pressure on the U.S. sports team to make progress within a year. The Europe football league experiences extreme competition within the league due to relegation. Since the European football league has had relegation from its past, the competition and standing of football clubs have become immensely important. Therefore, European football clubs spend high transfer fees to purchase top players as they are allowed to purchase a player who is on a contract with another team by paying a transfer fee to another club; new players can join a new team every transfer window. However, in recent years, the number of transfer fees that football clubs pay has significantly increased due to the high demand for players caused by the extreme competition but also the financial loss that the European football league had during the pandemic when spectators were not allowed and the league temporarily suspended. Despite the extremely high transfer fee, clubs like Chelsea FC, Manchester City, Newcastle FC, and Paris Saint-Germain F.C. which is owned by a billionaire, are spending millions of dollars to win the league. For instance, as mentioned above, Chelsea FC alone spent $630 million in the first two transfer windows and signed Argentina midfielder Enzo Fernandez for $131.4 million which was a British record fee. However, Chelsea FC stands in 10th place in the premier league. For other teams to compete against clubs owned by billionaires such as Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud or Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan who are willing to invest millions of dollars, they are also pressured to spend significant amounts of money to compete against them. Therefore, the extreme emphasis on competition in European sports leagues creates a structure of sports leagues where the standing of teams will solely depend on the investment and jeopardizes the establishment of a stable and self-sufficient economic model. Nevertheless, in April 2021, twelve ‘Founding clubs’ (AC Milan, Arsenal, Atletico Madrid, Chelsea, Barcelona, Inter Milan, Juventus, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Tottenham Hotspur) launched the European Super League which was a league composed of top clubs from different countries within Europe. The establishment of the Super league was an attempt to Americanize the European football system. Unlike the UEFA Champions League which determines the competitor through the standing of the domestic league, the European Super League had fifteen permanent top clubs permanently qualified. The closed system would allow top clubs to generate and dominate profit instead of spending significant amounts of money to compete for qualification to the UEFA Champions League. However, within 48 hours of its announcement, the European Super League collapsed with strong opposition from fans of the domestic league, UEFA, and the British government. As competition has been a tradition within the European sports league, there was strong opposition against the European Super League which allowed only top clubs to dominate the profit and discarded the unqualified clubs. The strong opposition that the Super League faced in Europe reveals how the element of competition within different clubs are highly emphasized in Europe than in the U.S.. The open system of the European football league has allowed the league to become more popular and competitive. However, the extreme emphasis on competition and standings has created teams to compete through the investment and spending of players. To compete against each other, the clubs are spending significant amounts of money despite the severe inflation after the Covid-19 pandemic. Perhaps, the standing and championship of a football club are now purchased rather than earned. $5.52 billion marks the entire payroll of the National Football League; $3.83 billion marks the entire payroll of Major League Baseball. $1.97 billion marks the entire payroll of the EPL. The highest-paid MLB player is Max Scherzer, with a 2023 salary of $43.3 million. The essence is, sports are becoming one of the industries with the most valuable transactions. Professional sports have become a means of entertainment since their popularity surged during the 1920s in the United States. Across the Atlantic Ocean, in Europe, the popularization of modern professional sports dates back to the eighteenth century. As interest in sports in the United States and in Europe grew, companies and sponsors have utilized the athletic market to shape their business models. The different policies in varying sports leagues caused the formation of varying business models. The notion of relegation is a major factor that creates different structures in sports leagues. Relegation is the transfer of teams between different leveled leagues based on a team’s performance. Professional baseball in the United States is divided into different leagues based on performance level: the rookie league, low single-A, high single-A, double-A, triple-A, and the Big Leagues. The teams in the Big Leagues are each categorized as individual organizations. Per se, the New York Yankees is an organization. Minor League teams are affiliated with a Big League team, ergo the lower-tier teams are under the ownership of the Big League teams. This eliminates the need for relegations, as underperforming players would be demoted to the Minor Leagues. In European leagues, such as the EPL, three out of twenty teams are relegated to a second-tier league, and three teams from the second-tier league are promoted to the Premier League–a first-division league. Hence, for teams to avoid such relegation in this structure, it has become inevitable to spend excessive European Euros or English Pounds. The team with the highest payroll in the EPL is Manchester United F.C., with a total payroll of $255 million. When comparing the two teams with the highest payrolls in the MLB and the EPL, the New York Mets’ payroll–$335 million–outnumbers that of Manchester United’s–$255 million, as aforementioned. It clearly seems logical to assume that European leagues would invest more in sports, especially under the direct pressures of relegations. One distinguishing factor in the business models of sports teams in the U.S. is yielding the naming rights to corporations to extend their revenues by a substantial amount: the higher the revenue, the more funds that may be allocated to investments. For instance, the Rams and Chargers of the NFL received $625 million dollars in exchange for yielding SoFi the naming rights of their stadium for a 20-year span; this is the largest stadium naming rights deal. As it is the human instinct to seek entertainment, sports provide enjoyment in a way no other media does. The professional sports industry is growing at a steady pace, and it is thus important to answer ignorant questions such as, “Why are athletes and teams so overvalued?” In 2021, April 18th, the European Super League (ESL) was proposed to be a new football league featuring some of the biggest and most successful clubs in Europe, such as Real Madrid, Barcelona, and Juventus. Those teams in the ESL would compete against each other in a closed league separate from traditional domestic leagues. This idea of matching some of the biggest world-class clubs on a weekly basis was expected to generate significant amounts of revenue through broadcasting rights, sponsorship deals, and ticket sales, but it was met with opposition from politicians and football governing bodies. One of the strongest reasons for the opposition to the European Super League was the negative impact it would have had on national leagues, like the English Premier League (EPL), the Serie A, and the La Liga. Many politicians and governing bodies felt that the ESL would take away the importance of national leagues, and would eventually make the national leagues lose their supporters and fans. This would have a negative impact on local communities, as many of the smaller clubs would experience a financial crisis from the lack of supporters and revenue. One of the strongest voices against the ESL, U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson stated, "The plans for a European Super League would be very damaging for football and we support football authorities in taking action. They will strike at the heart of the domestic game, and will concern fans across the country." The potential damages that the European Super League could do to the national leagues are especially concerning for politicians like Boris Johnson because many of them strongly consider local economic growth in order to keep their position and be re-elected. The politicians and the government intervene with the economic activities to prevent economic failures and maintain the economic growth. However, the establishment of the super league would cause a great impact on the local economic growth and probably lead to an economic failure, damaging all the politicians’ prestige. So that is why for the politicians, the European Super League is a big threat to their positions. 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